Summary Our research addresses the critical intersection of communication and power systems in the era of advanced information technologies. We highlight the strategic importance of
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The ultra-dense deployment of base stations (BSs) results in significant energy costs, while the increasing use of fluctuating renewable energy sources (RESs) threatens the
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In today''s 5G era, the energy efficiency (EE) of cellular base stations is crucial for sustainable communication. Recognizing this, Mobile Network Operators are actively prioritizing EE for
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The user equipments (UEs) scheduling strategy for macro base station (MBS) and pico base stations (PBS) with the further-enhanced inter-cell interference coordination
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As-sumed there is a communication path from each target base station in a cell to other target base stations and nontarget base stations in other cells. Micro base station
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a base station scheduling problem to decide whether a base station is allowed to transmit to any of its users in a given sub-frame, without causing excessive interference to any
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A base station control algorithm based on Multi-Agent Proximity Policy Optimization (MAPPO) is designed. In the constructed 5G UDN model, each base station is considered as
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Our research addresses the critical intersection of communication and power systems in the era of advanced information technologies. We highlight the strategic
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With the advent of the 5G era, mobile users have higher requirements for network performance, and the expansion of network coverage has become an inevitable trend.
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Heterogeneous networks (HetNets), consisting of macro-cells and overlaying pico-cells, have been recognized as a promising paradigm to support the exponential growth of
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Heterogeneous networks (HetNets), consisting of macro-cells and overlaying pico-cells, have been recognized as a promising paradigm to support the exponential growth of
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The global utility-scale photovoltaic market is experiencing significant growth in Southern Africa, with demand increasing by over 400% in the past five years. Large-scale solar farms now account for approximately 70% of all new renewable energy capacity additions in the region. South Africa leads with 65% market share in the SADC region, driven by REIPPPP (Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme) and corporate PPAs that have reduced levelized electricity costs by 60-70% compared to traditional power sources. The average project size has increased from 10MW to over 50MW, with standardized EPC approaches cutting installation timelines by 65% compared to traditional solutions. Emerging technologies including bifacial modules and single-axis tracking have increased energy yields by 25-35%, while manufacturing innovations and local content requirements have created new economic opportunities across the solar value chain. Typical utility-scale projects now achieve payback periods of 4-6 years with levelized costs below $0.04/kWh.
Containerized energy storage solutions are revolutionizing power management across Southern Africa's industrial and commercial sectors. Mobile 20ft and 40ft BESS containers now provide flexible, scalable energy storage with deployment times reduced by 80% compared to traditional stationary installations. Advanced lithium-ion technologies (NMC and LFP) have increased energy density by 40% while reducing costs by 35% annually. Intelligent energy management systems now optimize charging/discharging cycles based on real-time electricity pricing, increasing ROI by 50-70%. Safety innovations including advanced thermal management and integrated fire suppression have reduced risk profiles by 90%. These innovations have improved project economics significantly, with commercial and industrial energy storage projects typically achieving payback in 3-5 years through peak shaving, demand charge reduction, and backup power capabilities. Recent pricing trends show standard 20ft containers (500kWh-1MWh) starting at $180,000 and 40ft containers (1MWh-2.5MWh) from $350,000, with flexible financing including lease-to-own and energy-as-a-service models available.